What's New and Beneficial About Garlic

• The potential benefits of garlic intake for decreased risk of cardiovascular disease have been studied in a variety of conditions including heart attack (myocardial infarct), coronary artery disease (CAD), high blood pressure (hypertension), and atherosclerosis. The everyday flexibility of our blood vessels has been shown to improve with intake of garlic, and the likelihood of blood vessel damage due to chronic excessive inflammation has been shown to decrease when this allium vegetable in consumed on a regular basis.
• Studies on garlic-containing meal plans and cancer risk show potential benefits from regular intake of this much-loved vegetable. Varying decreases in risk have been associated with garlic consumption in different body locations, including the upper digestive tract (including the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus) as well as the stomach. In multiple studies, the sulfur-containing compounds in garlic have been directly implicated in these potential health benefits.
• Studies are beginning to give us a better understanding about the amount of garlic needed to provide us with overall health benefits. In terms of amount, approximately 20 grams of garlic (in food form) best describes the quantity needed, and in terms of frequency, 1-3 times per week translates into measurable benefits. At WHFoods, we group garlic together with onions and leeks as allium vegetables, and you can find more details about our recommended intake level in our Vegetable Advisor.
• If you would like a great hands-on example of how to bring garlic into your weekly meal plan in a delicious and easy-to-follow way, you need to look no further than our World's Healthiest Foods Meal Plan. You will find garlic being incorporated into our World's Healthiest Foods Meal Plan on each day of the meal plan, and in a way that brings out the very best blend of flavor of each recipe.

WHFoods Recommendations

As a member of the Allium family of vegetables, garlic shares some nutritional benefits with onions and leeks, which are also members of this Allium family. Other allium vegetables include chives, shallots, and scallions. At WHFoods, our minimum recommended daily intake level for allium vegetables is one-third serving per day. Our outstanding recommended intake is two-thirds serving per day. For onions and leeks, one-third serving would be one-third cup chopped and cooked. For garlic, one-third serving would be 2 cloves. To achieve outstanding daily intake, you would simply double these amounts. Our World' Healthiest Foods Meal Plan is a great place to start if you want to see how easy it is to incorporate garlic into your daily meals in a delicious and flavor-enhancing way.

This chart graphically details the %DV that a serving of Garlic provides for each of the nutrients of which it is a good, very good, or excellent source according to our Food Rating System. Additional information about the amount of these nutrients provided by Garlic can be found in the Food Rating System Chart. A link that takes you to the In-Depth Nutritional Profile for Garlic, featuring information over 80 nutrients, can be found under the Food Rating System Chart.

• Health Benefits
• Description
• History
• How to Select and Store
• Tips for Preparing and Cooking
• How to Enjoy
• Nutritional Profile
• References

Health Benefits

While garlic ranks as an excellent source of manganese and vitamin B6, a very good source of vitamin C and copper, and a good source of selenium, phosphorus, vitamin B1, and calcium in our WHFoods rating system, it is the sulfur compounds in garlic that serve as its spotlight nutrients in terms of overall health benefits. The sulfur-containing compounds in this allium vegetable have been shown to provide us with health advantages in a wide variety of body systems, including: our cardiovascular system, immune system, inflammatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, and detoxification system. We'll start with a quick look at these unique sulfur-containing compounds.

Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Garlic

The six categories of sulfur-containing compounds presented below will give you an initial look at the remarkable complexity of this allium vegetable. In terms of potential health benefits, each of these compounds has been studied fairly extensive. However, it is also worth noting here that the majority of studies have not focused on the presence of compounds in fresh garlic consumed as a food, but rather on garlic supplements, whether they be oils, tablets, powders, or other types of extracts.

• Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Peptides
  • cysteine
  • methionine
  • S-allylcysteine
  • S-allylmercaptocysteine
  • glutathione
  • S-ethyl cysteine (SEC)
  • N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)
• Thiosulfinates
  • allicin
  • allyl sulfinates
  • methyl allyl sulfinates
• Sulfoxides
  • alliin
  • garlicins
  • methiin
  • isoalliin
• Sulfides, Diallyl Sulfides and Polysulfides
  • hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)
  • diallyl sulfide (DAS)
  • diallyl disulfide (DADS)
  • diallyl trisulfide (DATS)
• Vinyldithiins
  • 1,2-vinyldithiin
  • dehydrovinyldithiins
• Ajoenes
  • E-ajoene
  • Z-ajoene

While there are far more details here than can be covered in a summary food profile, we would like to point out two basic types of health benefits associated with these sulfur-compounds. First are the benefits associated with sulfur itself. Even though this mineral does not have public health recommendations associated with it and is not included as a DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) nutrient by the National Academy of Sciences, it is well-known to play a critical role in our health, especially in connection with cellular detoxification system, the health of our joints and connective tissue, and oxygen-related metabolism. It is important not to overlook this sulfur-richness of garlic since it is a property of garlic that is not found in most foods that we eat.

Second are the benefits associated with unique forms of sulfur in this food. At the top of the list here would be allicin and its breakdown products. As indicated above, allicin is a thiosulfinate. The most immediate breakdown products of this thiosulfinate are the diallyl sulfides and polysulfides (DAS, DADS, and DATS). But in the presence of other sulfur-containing groups called thiols, these sulfides can also release free hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). This H₂S may be involved in the cardiovascular benefits of garlic since it appears able to work synergistically with nitric oxide (NO) in optimizing blood vessel elasticity.

Cardiovascular Benefits of Garlic

Garlic provides us with cardiovascular benefits in a variety of different ways. In fact, so diverse are these different pathways for cardiovascular support that new studies keep discovering new ways in which garlic helps protect this body system. By far the best researched of these pathways are the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties found in this allium vegetable. Chronic unwanted inflammation is, of course, a special risk within our blood vessels since it can contribute to damage of our blood vessel walls, formation of plaque, and eventual clogging of our blood vessels. The vinyldithiins, diallyl polysulfoxides, and a sulfur-containing compound called thiacremonone have been most closely associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of garlic in our cardiovascular system.

Right alongside of this anti-inflammatory support is the antioxidant support provided to our heart and blood vessels through consumption of garlic. In this antioxidant category, the many forms of cysteine found in garlic have received special research attention, as have the presence of glutathione and selenium. Of course, it is also important to remember that garlic is an excellent source of the antioxidant mineral, manganese, and a very good source of vitamin C, another key antioxidant nutrient. Finally, it has been interesting to see how the generation of pyruvate from sulfur-based interactions in garlic might be linked with the antioxidant health benefits provided by this vegetable. Researchers have long been aware of the capacity of pyruvate—a highly common organic acid present in many metabolic reactions throughout the body—to provide us with antioxidant support. However, a more recent research focus has involved the generation of pyruvate from garlic whenever the alliin in garlic gets converted into allicin. Each time that this conversion process occurs (with the help of the enzyme called alliinase), there is a potential for two molecules of pyruvate to be formed. Formation of pyruvate during this chemical reaction may be important in the provision of antioxidant benefits from this allium vegetable.

Finally, it would be important to include the anti-platelet activity of garlic's ajoene molecules in this summary of its cardiovascular health benefits. Platelets are one type of blood cell, just like red blood cells or white blood cells. On average, however, platelets are about five times smaller than red blood cells, and one of their key functions is to prevent excessive bleeding by helping seal off cuts and wounds. Under certain circumstances, however, the platelets can begin to clump together in a way that can eventually present us with health problems in the form of an unwanted blood clot. Researchers have demonstrated the ability of garlic's ajoenes to decrease our risk of unwanted clotting due to excessive platelet clumping (called platelet aggregation).

All types of health benefits from garlic described above combine together to make this allium vegetable helpful in reducing our risk of numerous cardiovascular diseases. Including in this list are: heart attack (myocardial infarct), coronary artery disease (CAD), high blood pressure (hypertension), and atherosclerosis. In addition, it is worth noting that the everyday flexibility of our blood vessels has been shown to improve with intake of garlic.

Potential Changes in Cancer Risk Associated with Garlic Intake

Unfortunately, most of the garlic-cancer studies that we have seen fail to analyze intake of garlic in its natural food form. Instead, these garlic studies have focused on use of garlic supplements (like garlic oil softgels or garlic capsules/tablets containing powdered extracts). So we're at a disadvantage in drawing firm conclusions about cancer risk for people who enjoy garlic in their meal plans.

Among these supplement-focused studies, risk of digestive tract-related cancers seems most consistently impacted by garlic intake. In particular, risk of cancers in the upper digestive tract (including the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and stomach) seems to be most commonly impacted.

Other Potential Health Benefits of Garlic

As mentioned in the section above, sulfur-containing compounds in garlic have been shown to support our body's detox processes, especially processes involving sulfur or the role of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Also of special interest in this detox area has been the potential role of garlic's allyl sulfides.

The antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of garlic are fairly well studied, although not necessarily within the context of human diseases and their development. And like the cancer studies on garlic, most of these antimicrobial studies have involved the use of garlic supplements rather than its food form. Due to the strong research interest in garlic and gastric cancer, several studies have examined the potential for garlic compounds to help prevent overgrowth of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori in the stomach or overadherence of this bacterium to the stomach wall. However, results in this area have been mixed. In several studies, the ajoenes present in garlic have been successfully used to help prevent infections with the yeast Candida albicans. We have also see a study showing the ability of crushed fresh garlic to help prevent infection by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients.

One exciting new area of research involves the potential role of garlic to support bone health. As mentioned earlier in this article, the diallyl disulfides (DADS) in garlic have been identified as the garlic compounds that help protect our cardiovascular system from damage by cigarette smoke. With respect to bone health, studies have shown that cigarette smoking increases our risk of osteoporosis, inadequate bone mineral density, and inability to heal from bone fractures. Conversely, intake of garlic may be able to reduce risk of these problems by offsetting some of the potential damage caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Especially interesting in this context is the potential of garlic to help protect osteoblast cells from damage. Osteoblasts are bone cells that help produce new bone matrix. If garlic intake can help protect these cells from potential damage by cigarette smoke, it may be able to help support formation of new bone matrix and maintenance of existing bone structure.

A final promising area of research on the potential health benefits of garlic involves blood sugar regulation. One focus in this area involves a hormone released by our fat cells called adiponectin. When there is too little adiponectin in our blood, our risk of type 2 diabetes and certain cardiovascular problems gets increased. In what we would describe as preliminary studies, 12 weeks of garlic consumption has been shown to increase blood levels of adiponectin in human participants. Researchers believe that this process may be closely connected with simultaneous production of another key regulatory molecule called nitric oxide. While more follow-up studies are needed, these initial results show a potential for garlic intake to lower our risk of type 2 diabetes through what would be called hormone-related pathways. We have also seen a recent research showing significant decreases in fasting blood sugar levels following garlic intake. The authors of this research actually combined results together from seven previous studies to do a more robust analysis of the garlic-fasting blood sugar relationship. In their conclusions, these researchers suggested further confirmation of blood sugar impacts by examining other markers of blood sugar regulation including PPG (postprandial glucose, i.e., the amount of sugar in our blood following a meal) and hemoglobin A1C (the percent of red blood cells to which sugar becomes attached).

Description

Garlic—together with onions—are among the best known of all "allium vegetables." Both of these plants (garlic and onions) belong to the same genus of plants called the Allium genus. "Allium" is actually the Latin word for garlic! Other commonly enjoyed foods that belong to this Allium genus are leeks, chives, scallions, and shallots.

Unlike this genus grouping for garlic which is very straightforward, the food family for garlic can be confusing. The correct placement for garlic is within the very broad amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) that includes the very popular flower by that same name. The Allioideae are a subfamily within the amaryllis family and garlic (Allium sativum) is a member of this Allioideae subfamily, along with onions, leeks, chives, scallions, and shallots.

The reason for some confusion here is two-fold. First, there was a time when garlic and other allium vegetables were assigned to their own family of plants called the Alliaceae family. Second, there was also a time when garlic and the other allium vegetables were assigned to the Lillaceae plant family. As scientists have learned more about the history of plant genetics, they have found it necessary to juggle these classification categories to best fit the newly discovered genetic relationships. Of course, none of these shifts in family classification makes garlic any less reliable as a nutrient-rich, health-supportive food.

Garlic is arranged in a head, called a "bulb," which averages about 2 inches in height and diameter and consists of numerous small separate cloves. Both the cloves and the entire bulb are encased in paper-like sheathes that can be white, off-white, or have a pink/purple hue. Although garlic cloves have a firm texture, they can be easily cut or crushed. The taste of garlic is like no other—it hits the palate with a hot pungency that is shadowed by a very subtle background sweetness.

Most producers of garlic divide its varieties into four types: hardneck, softneck, black, and Creole. Hardneck garlic, like the name suggests, has a central stalk that is hard and woody. Purple Stripe is a popular variety of hardneck garlic, as are Rocambole and Porcelain. In the case of Purple Stripe and other hardneck varieties, you will typically find a light purplish or rosy tint to small portions of the cloves and skins. Hardneck varieties of garlic typically have more "bite" than softnecked varieties. Allium sativum subspecies ophioscorodon is usually the subspecies name to refer to hardneck garlics.

Softneck varieties of garlic are the most common types that you will find in the grocery store. They typically have less "bite" than hardneck varieties. Formidable, Western Rose, Artichoke, and Silverskin are popular varieties of softneck garlic. Allium sativum subspecies sativum is usually the subspecies name to refer to softneck garlics. Softneck varieties of garlic are also typically the types that you find braided in the supermarket.

You will find a good bit of agricultural information on garlic that treats "Creole garlic" as a type of softneck. However, there is also some genetic evidence to suggest that Creole garlic be treated as its own type of garlic, separate from softneck. Creole garlic is usually recognizable by from the rosy/purplish color of the entire garlic bulb (and not just intermittent rosy hues as can be present in hardneck varieties). You are less likely to come across this variety of garlic in the grocery store. Worldwide, however, well-known varieties of Creole garlic include Burgundy, Ajo Rojo, Cuban Purple, and Creole Red.

Heat treatment, high humidity, and aging are typically the processes used to create black garlic. Particularly when the aging process is allowed to continue not only over the course of several days but over the course of several weeks (or even longer), the color of the garlic cloves can turn into a rich black. This variety of garlic has a special history of popularity in parts of Korean, Japan, and Thailand. Although you will often hear the term "fermented garlic" being used to describe black garlic, the use of this term is a matter of some controversy since microorganisms (like bacteria) are not typically added during the garlic aging process to help produce black garlic. (In the world of food, "fermentation" is usually understood to involve the use of bacteria or yeasts in development of a "fermented food.")

Elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum) is an unusual type of garlic because it is actually more closely related to leeks (Allium porrum) than to garlic (Allium sativum). When you see elephant garlic growing, its tall flower stalk and large purplish flower head make it seem like an extremely large version of normal garlic—and thus the name. Unlike leeks, however, elephant garlic does form a bulb, and this bulb usually consists of very large cloves that are few in number. (Elephant garlic bulbs may sometimes have only three to four cloves per bulb.)

Two other terms that are important to include in any description of garlic are scapes and ramps. Scapes is a term that is used to refer to the stalks that grow in the middle of hardneck garlic varieties and hold the flowers of the garlic plants. In other words, we are talking about the "greens" of hardneck garlic (versus the root bulb). Ramps (often called wild leeks, wild onions, or spring onions) are a unique species of garlic (Allium tricoccum) that scientists view as a very close relative of wild garlic (Allium vineale). The flavor of ramps is like a blend of pungent garlic and sweet onion. In terms of appearance, ramps look a good bit like scallions. Both scapes and ramps can be enjoyed in a food plan!

History

Few foods have been enjoyed for such a long period of time and in so many different parts of the world as garlic. There is evidence that garlic originally grew wild in locations as diverse as China, India, Egypt, and what is now Ukraine. At the present time, because wild garlic only grows prolifically in the area represented by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, this region is considered by some to be the "center of origin" for this remarkable food. Regardless of its center of origin, however, garlic has been cultivated for thousands of years in diverse regions of the world and has become a staple in cuisines across many continents.

China is by far the world's largest commercial producer of garlic, with 20 million tons of production in 2014. In that same year, India was the second largest producer with about 1.25 million tons, and South Korea, Egypt, and Russia rounded out the top five countries for garlic production. Between 50-75% of all garlic consumed in the U.S. is currently grown in China. Mexico and Argentina are also important sources for garlic imports into the U.S. At present, the U.S. serves as the number one import market for fresh garlic worldwide. This demand for fresh garlic in the U.S. is clearly reflected in our increased history of use: on a per capita basis, U.S. adults average about 2 pounds of garlic per year, as compared with less than ½ pound per year in the early 1970's.

Within the United States, 80-90% of all garlic comes from California. Two regions of the state are especially important for garlic production: the western San Joaquin Valley and the area west of the Diablo mountain range. Much smaller amounts of garlic are grown commercially in Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona.

How to Select and Store

For maximum flavor and nutritional benefits, always purchase fresh garlic. Although garlic in flake, powder, or paste form may be more convenient, you will derive less culinary and health benefits from these forms.

Purchase garlic that is plump and has unbroken skin. Gently squeeze the garlic bulb between your fingers to check that it feels firm and is not damp.

Avoid garlic that is soft, shriveled, and moldy or that has begun to sprout. These may be indications of decay that will cause inferior flavor and texture. Size is often not an indication of quality. If your recipe calls for a large amount of garlic, remember that it is always easier to peel and chop a few larger cloves than many smaller ones.

Fresh garlic is available in the market throughout the year.

At WHFoods, we encourage the purchase of certified organically grown foods, and garlic is no exception. Repeated research studies on organic foods as a group show that your likelihood of exposure to contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals can be greatly reduced through the purchased of certified organic foods, including garlic. In many cases, you may be able to find a local organic grower who sells garlic but has not applied for formal organic certification either through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or through a state agency. (Examples of states offering state-certified organic foods include California, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.) However, if you are shopping in a large supermarket, your most reliable source of organically grown garlic is very likely to be garlic that displays the USDA organic logo.

Store fresh garlic in either an uncovered or a loosely covered container in a cool, dark place away from exposure to heat and sunlight. This will help maintain its maximum freshness and help prevent sprouting, which reduces its flavor and causes excess waste. It is not necessary to refrigerate garlic. Some people freeze peeled garlic; however, this process reduces its flavor profile and changes its texture.

Depending upon its age and variety, whole garlic bulbs will keep fresh for about a month if stored properly. Inspect the bulb frequently and remove any cloves that appear to be dried out or moldy. Once you break the head of garlic, it greatly reduces its shelf life to just a few days.

Tips for Preparing and Cooking

Tips for Preparing Garlic

The first step to using garlic is to separate the individual cloves. An easy way to do this is to place the bulb on a cutting board or hard surface and gently, but firmly, apply pressure with the palm of your hand at an angle. This will cause the layers of skin that hold the bulb together to separate.

Peel garlic with a knife or alternatively, separate the skin from the individual cloves by placing a clove with the smooth side down on a cutting board and gently tapping it with the flat side of a wide knife. You can then remove the skin either with your fingers or with a small knife. If there is a green sprout in the clove's center, gently remove it since it is difficult to digest.

You can find lively discussions about garlic's sulfur compounds, its enzymes, and the best way to prepare this allium vegetable. Some of garlic's health benefits have been linked to a particular sulfur-containing compound called allicin. Allicin is produced when an enzyme in garlic called alliinase breaks down another sulfur-containing compound in garlic called alliin. The crushing of raw garlic greatly increases the chance for this alliin-to-allicin conversion to take place. For this reason, some people prefer to crush raw garlic cloves in a garlic press when using garlic in a cooked dish. When garlic is being enjoyed in raw form, this same crushing garlic can take place not with a garlic press, but with thorough chewing.

The Nutrient-Rich Way of Cooking Garlic

We recommend using raw garlic in many of our recipes. If it is a cooked dish that you are preparing and you cannot tolerate raw garlic, add chopped garlic towards the end of the cooking time to retain better flavor.

At WHFoods, we believe that lower cooking temperatures can often help lower risk of damage to certain nutrients in food, and the cooking of garlic is no exception. Whether combining garlic with oil, roasting whole bulbs, or cooking with individual cloves, we recommend lower temperature heats in the general range of 150-250F (65-121C).

How to Enjoy

WHFoods Recipes That Feature Garlic

• Garlic Shrimp Salad
• Mediterranean Dressing

We actually include garlic as an ingredient in so many of our recipes. To find these just go to the Recipe Assistant on the Recipes page and click on "garlic" in the "Food to Include" box.

A Few Quick Serving Ideas

• Purée fresh garlic, canned garbanzo beans, tahini, olive oil and lemon juice to make quick and easy hummus dip.
• Healthy Sauté steamed spinach, garlic, and fresh lemon juice.
• Add garlic to sauces and soups.
• Purée roasted garlic, cooked potatoes and olive oil together to make delicious garlic mashed potatoes. Season to taste.

If you'd like even more recipes and ways to prepare garlic the Nutrient-Rich Way, you may want to explore The World's Healthiest Foods book.

Nutritional Profile

The sulfur compounds in garlic serve as its spotlight nutrients. These compounds include thiosulfinates, sulfoxides, sulfides, diallyl sulfides and polysulfides, vinyldithiins, ajoenes, and sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides. In addition, garlic is an excellent source of manganese and vitamin B6; a very good source of vitamin C and copper; and a good source of selenium, phosphorus, vitamin B1 and calcium.

Introduction to Food Rating System Chart

In order to better help you identify foods that feature a high concentration of nutrients for the calories they contain, we created a Food Rating System. This system allows us to highlight the foods that are especially rich in particular nutrients. The following chart shows the nutrients for which this food is either an excellent, very good, or good source (below the chart you will find a table that explains these qualifications). If a nutrient is not listed in the chart, it does not necessarily mean that the food doesn't contain it. It simply means that the nutrient is not provided in a sufficient amount or concentration to meet our rating criteria. (To view this food's in-depth nutritional profile that includes values for dozens of nutrients - not just the ones rated as excellent, very good, or good - please use the link below the chart.) To read this chart accurately, you'll need to glance up in the top left corner where you will find the name of the food and the serving size we used to calculate the food's nutrient composition. This serving size will tell you how much of the food you need to eat to obtain the amount of nutrients found in the chart. Now, returning to the chart itself, you can look next to the nutrient name in order to find the nutrient amount it offers, the percent Daily Value (DV%) that this amount represents, the nutrient density that we calculated for this food and nutrient, and the rating we established in our rating system. For most of our nutrient ratings, we adopted the government standards for food labeling that are found in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's "Reference Values for Nutrition Labeling." Read more background information and details of our rating system.

In-Depth Nutritional Profile

In addition to the nutrients highlighted in our ratings chart, here is an in-depth nutritional profile for Garlic. This profile includes information on a full array of nutrients, including carbohydrates, sugar, soluble and insoluble fiber, sodium, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids and more.

Garlic, raw (Note: "--" indicates data unavailable)
6.00 cloves (18.00 g)	GI: low
BASIC MACRONUTRIENTS AND CALORIES
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Protein	1.14 g	2
Carbohydrates	5.95 g	3
Fat - total	0.09 g	0
Dietary Fiber	0.38 g	1
Calories	26.82	1
MACRONUTRIENT AND CALORIE DETAIL
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Carbohydrate:
Starch	-- g
Total Sugars	0.18 g
Monosaccharides	-- g
Fructose	-- g
Glucose	-- g
Galactose	-- g
Disaccharides	-- g
Lactose	-- g
Maltose	-- g
Sucrose	-- g
Soluble Fiber	-- g
Insoluble Fiber	-- g
Other Carbohydrates	5.39 g
Fat:
Monounsaturated Fat	0.00 g
Polyunsaturated Fat	0.04 g
Saturated Fat	0.02 g
Trans Fat	0.00 g
Calories from Fat	0.81
Calories from Saturated Fat	0.14
Calories from Trans Fat	0.00
Cholesterol	0.00 mg
Water	10.54 g
MICRONUTRIENTS
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
B-Complex Vitamins
Vitamin B1	0.04 mg	3
Vitamin B2	0.02 mg	2
Vitamin B3	0.13 mg	1
Vitamin B3 (Niacin Equivalents)	0.32 mg
Vitamin B6	0.22 mg	13
Vitamin B12	0.00 mcg	0
Biotin	-- mcg	--
Choline	4.18 mg	1
Folate	0.54 mcg	0
Folate (DFE)	0.54 mcg
Folate (food)	0.54 mcg
Pantothenic Acid	0.11 mg	2
Vitamin C	5.62 mg	7
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinoids and Carotenoids)
Vitamin A International Units (IU)	1.62 IU
Vitamin A mcg Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)	0.08 mcg (RAE)	0
Vitamin A mcg Retinol Equivalents (RE)	0.16 mcg (RE)
Retinol mcg Retinol Equivalents (RE)	0.00 mcg (RE)
Carotenoid mcg Retinol Equivalents (RE)	0.16 mcg (RE)
Alpha-Carotene	0.00 mcg
Beta-Carotene	0.90 mcg
Beta-Carotene Equivalents	0.90 mcg
Cryptoxanthin	0.00 mcg
Lutein and Zeaxanthin	2.88 mcg
Lycopene	0.00 mcg
Vitamin D
Vitamin D International Units (IU)	0.00 IU	0
Vitamin D mcg	0.00 mcg
Vitamin E
Vitamin E mg Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE)	0.01 mg (ATE)	0
Vitamin E International Units (IU)	0.02 IU
Vitamin E mg	0.01 mg
Vitamin K	0.31 mcg	0
Minerals
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Boron	-- mcg
Calcium	32.58 mg	3
Chloride	-- mg
Chromium	-- mcg	--
Copper	0.05 mg	6
Fluoride	-- mg	--
Iodine	-- mcg	--
Iron	0.31 mg	2
Magnesium	4.50 mg	1
Manganese	0.30 mg	13
Molybdenum	-- mcg	--
Phosphorus	27.54 mg	4
Potassium	72.18 mg	2
Selenium	2.56 mcg	5
Sodium	3.06 mg	0
Zinc	0.21 mg	2
INDIVIDUAL FATTY ACIDS
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids	0.00 g	0
Omega-6 Fatty Acids	0.04 g
Monounsaturated Fats
14:1 Myristoleic	0.00 g
15:1 Pentadecenoic	0.00 g
16:1 Palmitol	0.00 g
17:1 Heptadecenoic	0.00 g
18:1 Oleic	0.00 g
20:1 Eicosenoic	0.00 g
22:1 Erucic	0.00 g
24:1 Nervonic	0.00 g
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
18:2 Linoleic	0.04 g
18:2 Conjugated Linoleic (CLA)	-- g
18:3 Linolenic	0.00 g
18:4 Stearidonic	0.00 g
20:3 Eicosatrienoic	0.00 g
20:4 Arachidonic	0.00 g
20:5 Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)	0.00 g
22:5 Docosapentaenoic (DPA)	0.00 g
22:6 Docosahexaenoic (DHA)	0.00 g
Saturated Fatty Acids
4:0 Butyric	0.00 g
6:0 Caproic	0.00 g
8:0 Caprylic	0.00 g
10:0 Capric	0.00 g
12:0 Lauric	0.00 g
14:0 Myristic	0.00 g
15:0 Pentadecanoic	0.00 g
16:0 Palmitic	0.02 g
17:0 Margaric	0.00 g
18:0 Stearic	0.00 g
20:0 Arachidic	0.00 g
22:0 Behenate	0.00 g
24:0 Lignoceric	0.00 g
INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACIDS
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Alanine	0.02 g
Arginine	0.11 g
Aspartic Acid	0.09 g
Cysteine	0.01 g
Glutamic Acid	0.14 g
Glycine	0.04 g
Histidine	0.02 g
Isoleucine	0.04 g
Leucine	0.06 g
Lysine	0.05 g
Methionine	0.01 g
Phenylalanine	0.03 g
Proline	0.02 g
Serine	0.03 g
Threonine	0.03 g
Tryptophan	0.01 g
Tyrosine	0.01 g
Valine	0.05 g
OTHER COMPONENTS
nutrient	amount	DRI/DV (%)
Ash	0.27 g
Organic Acids (Total)	-- g
Acetic Acid	-- g
Citric Acid	-- g
Lactic Acid	-- g
Malic Acid	-- g
Taurine	-- g
Sugar Alcohols (Total)	-- g
Glycerol	-- g
Inositol	-- g
Mannitol	-- g
Sorbitol	-- g
Xylitol	-- g
Artificial Sweeteners (Total)	-- mg
Aspartame	-- mg
Saccharin	-- mg
Alcohol	0.00 g
Caffeine	0.00 mg
Note: The nutrient profiles provided in this website are derived from The Food Processor, Version 10.12.0, ESHA Research, Salem, Oregon, USA. Among the 50,000+ food items in the master database and 163 nutritional components per item, specific nutrient values were frequently missing from any particular food item. We chose the designation "--" to represent those nutrients for which no value was included in this version of the database.

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